Armoured breakwaters are important hydraulic structures as they protect the non-rocky against erosion. As the berm width affects the run-up height, therefore, its determination is of almost importance. It is interesting to note that most researchers have studied the berm recession thus ignoring the wave run-up. Therefore, this study enhances our understanding of these vital structures. As a whole, 350 numerical models were developed to investigate the relationships of the linear wave run-up over the armoured breakwaters to the berm width employing the Flow-3D Software. The main variables in this study were berm width, wave height, wave period, the seaside slope of the breakwater, and the distance to the static water surface. It was observed that the numerical results were close to those of the analytical results with a correlation coefficient of 96%. A 45% increase in the berm width decreased the wave run-up height by 36%. Furthermore, a 67% increase in the wave height resulted in a 53% increase in the wave run-up height, and a 53% increase in the period resulted in a 36% increase in the wave run-up height. To sum up the stability, an optimum performance of breakwaters is determined by their berm widths.

In this paper, hydraulic jump which is one of the effective means of energy dissipation of supercritical flow in hydraulic engineering is simulated using Flow 3D Software. This Software utilizes VOF method for tracing the free surface position and FAVOR method for considering the baffles inside the computational domain. First, the accuracy of the Software application in forecasting hydraulic jump flow parameters is assessed by comparison of computed parameters using k-e and RNG turbulent Modeling strategies with readily available experimental measurements. Then, the Software is utilized for simulation of hydraulic jump in a small scale laboratory stilling basin with baffles. The computed velocity profiles and water surface level present good agreements with the reported laboratory measurements.

In the present research, effects of a porous spur-dyke on the hydraulic characteristics of the flow in an open-channel have been numerically studied through non-linear Forschheimer model. The numerical simulations were performed in Flow3D package using RNG k-epsilon turbulence closure model. During simulations of the porous spur-dyke, suitable Friesheimer non-linear coefficients were determined for various cases with the sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis and comparisons of the numerical results with the results of the physical model showed that most of parameters are completely dependent to Friesheimer non-linear term and the proposed Software range for Friesheimer nonlinear coefficient is not suitable. The results showed that by increasing of the porosity of the porous spur dyke, the flow velocity and also the effect area of the maximum velocity will decrease. Also, by increasing of the porosity of the porous spur dyke, the upstream water depth of the spur dyke will decrease and the downstream water depth of the spur dyke will increase. It was also observed that by increasing of the porosity of the porous spur dyke, the maximum value of the velocity decreases and the minimum value of it increases.

3D Modeling and visualization in large-scale cities is a major difficulty for computer graphics. Studying photos of a big city reveals a variety of street patterns, buildings, shapes, and textures. This paper presents "procedural Modeling" as a new approach to create three-dimensional Modeling, especially for large-scale Modeling. Procedural Modeling deals with the production of semi-automatic (semi) content using a program or routine. This kind of Modeling was historically utilized for 3D visualizing the natural properties, however, by releasing the CityEngine in 2008, the technology can easily be applied to urban environments as well. In this paper, this approach using a descriptive-analytical method will be examined, with particular emphasis on the extent to which procedural Modeling is used in the design of cities, streets, buildings, etc., by CityEngine Software. Therefore, while reviewing how architectural form grammars are used to generate 3D Modeling procedures, two types of Modeling including traditional and procedural Modeling will be studied and compared and the benefits of procedural Modeling will be revealed. After a description of the features of CityEngine, it will be introduced as a technique that follows procedural Modeling. Finally, due to the advantages of procedural Modeling, this type of Modeling (algorithmic) is suggested as an alternative to manual Modeling (traditional methods in urban design) to increase the accuracy, speed, and efficiency of the design and in addition, this will increase the flexibility of the design via this approach. In this regard, the workflow of the procedural Modeling process will be provided using the CityEngine technique and a number of outputs of this technique that have been provided in the CGA will be presented.

Gorgan Bay (GB) is a semi-enclosed basin located southeast of the Caspian Sea (CS), Iran. The bay was registered as a biosphere reserve in 1976 and had an international focus on conservation. GB severely suffers from low water quality and water level. A hydrodynamic model was used to determine its general circulation, differences in temperature, water elevation, and current speed. This investigation includes the study of current vectors' profiles and analyzing the effects of rivers and air pressure in the circulation of this water body. The average current speed was determined to be 0.1 m/s through the bay. The lowest and highest temperatures were investigated and were -0.53°C and +36.57°C, respectively. The general circulation is mostly counter-clockwise. Water elevation and temperature inside GB always follow a seasonal sinusoidal pattern. This paper neglects the effects of rivers on GB hydrodynamics due to their insignificance discharge. Also, the air pressure has a profound effect on the water level. Current vectors showed that while current speed inside this water body has decreased in the past decade, the temperature increased by almost 7°C.